Pharmacology of Propranolol as an Antihypertensive Drug

Propranolol, a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, has long been used in the treatment of hypertension. It lowers blood pressure through several mechanisms, including reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, and inhibiting renin release. Despite newer antihypertensive agents, propranolol continues to play a role, particularly in patients with concomitant cardiovascular conditions. This review examines its pharmacological mechanisms, clinical effectiveness, side effects, and its ongoing relevance in hypertension management.