Effect of the Inclusion of Natural Pigments on the Performance and Gene Expression of Immune Response and Oxidative Stress of Oreochromis niloticus Cultured in a Biofloc System

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important species in aquaculture, so the optimization of its culture by using sustainable strategies is fundamental. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating natural pigments (carrot and beetroot meal) as carbon sources in a biofloc system on the growth, immune response, and oxidative stress of O. niloticus. The experiment comprised four treatments: clear water as control (CT), biofloc with molasses (TBM), biofloc with carrot meal (TBC), and biofloc with beetroot meal (TBB). Results showed that biofloc helped to maintain optimal water quality and high survival rates, but specifically, TBC treatment achieved the highest growth rates and feed conversion ratio, along with elevated leukocyte counts, indicating improved health and immunity. Gene expression analysis revealed enhanced antioxidant activity (sod, gpx) and modulated immune responses (tnf-α, il-1β), particularly under thermal stress. Carrot meal emerged as an effective carbon source in biofloc systems, promoting growth, immune resilience, and oxidative stress resistance in tilapia, while beetroot meal improved pigmentation. These findings highlight the potential of natural pigments to enhance aquaculture sustainability and productivity.