Co‐Pyrolysis of <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> Seeds and Polypropylene: Thermokinetics and Batch Studies

Abstract This study investigates the thermo‐kinetic behavior and product characterization of Tamanu seed (TS) and waste polypropylene (PP) through thermogravimetric analysis (30–900 °C at 5, 10, and 20 °C/min), batch pyrolysis (400–550 °C), and pyrolytic oil analysis (Fourier transform infrared [FTIR] and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry [GC–MS]). Co‐pyrolysis of TS and PP lowered the thermal degradation temperature of PP. The thermal degradation of TS exhibited the activation energy of 165 kJ mol −1 , following an F 2 mechanism, whereas PP showed the activation energy of 293 kJ mol −1 with an F 1 mechanism. The TS–PP blend exhibited the activation energy of 280 kJ mol −1 and followed a D 1 mechanism. The blend reduced the Gibbs free energy to 765.29 kJ mol −1 , compared to 766.87 kJ mol −1 for TS and 830.46 kJ mol −1 for PP alone. Co‐pyrolysis improved the yield and fuel properties of the pyrolytic oil, demonstrating a sustainable and effective strategy for converting biomass and plastic waste into valuable biofuels, contributing to waste management and energy recovery.