Recent advances in wearable and implantable electrochemical (bio)sensors for plant health monitoring

In 2023, the World Economic Forum selected wearable plant sensors as one of the Top 10 Emerging Technologies, demonstrating that these smart analytical tools will be relevant in the next generation of agrifood practices. Considering the robustness, accuracy, and miniaturisation of electrochemical (bio)sensing tools, the electrochemical-based plant sensors could be suitable devices to address the requirement for their advanced application in the agrifood sector. This review deals with electrochemical (bio)sensors for monitoring agrochemicals, phytohormones, growth precursors, and stress biomarkers in wearable and implantable configurations. The design and type of biocomponent and/or nanomaterial(s) used are reported, highlighting the analytical performances obtained on plants. The ongoing application of these analytical tools is discussed, and the future application combined with IoT and artificial intelligence is envisioned, with the overriding aim to give an overall scenario related to plant electrochemical (bio)sensors for the next technologies in the agrifood sector. • Wearable and implantable plant electrochemical sensors and biosensors • Agrochemicals, phytohormones, growth precursors, and stress biomarkers monitoring • Sustainable materials, bioreceptors, and nanomaterials for plant (bio)sensors