Advancements in sea spray prediction for ship-wave interactions: Toward enhanced icing risk mitigation in cold region navigation

This paper explores advancements in prediction methods for sea spray generated by ship-wave interactions. It begins by discussing the hazards associated with the formation of sea spray icing on ships and the critical factors involved in forecasting sea spray. Subsequently, it examines historical full-scale sea spray measurements and model-scale tests. The literature systematically reviews studies on prediction methods for sea spray generated by ship-wave interactions, presenting a classification approach that categorizes these methods into empirical, theoretical, and numerical approaches. Furthermore, the primary challenges have been identified, along with recommendations for future research directions aimed at addressing these issues. This review serves as a guide for the polar shipping community in their study of sea spray, with the goal of inspiring further advancements. In conclusion, existing numerical models can provide data on sea spray flux on the decks of various ships, thereby facilitating the correction of empirical formulas to enhance their generalizability. Furthermore, particle-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models offer significant advantages in simulating sea spray generated by ship-wave interactions. In the future, the integration of neural networks is expected to lead to the development of innovative prediction methods. • Clarifies the risks of ice formation from sea spray and key parameters for prediction. • Classifies prediction methods into empirical, theoretical, and numerical approaches. • Reviews the prediction methods of sea spray generation from ship-wave interactions comprehensively and systematically. • Puts forward very comprehensive and specific suggestions for future research directions.