Nipah Virus: Transmission Dynamics of a Zoonotic Outbreak and Therapeutic Challenges

Nipah virus (NiV) is a deadly zoonotic virus that has caused multiple outbreaks since it was first identified in Malaysia in 1998. It is primarily transmitted by fruit bats and can spread among humans, leading to severe neurological and respiratory complications. With fatality rates ranging from 40% to 75%, NiV poses a serious public health threat, and there are currently no approved treatments or vaccines. The virus enters human cells via ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 receptors, causing extensive harm while evading the immune system, which complicates treatment efforts. Environmental changes, including deforestation and increased human–wildlife contact, have heightened the likelihood of NiV outbreaks. Preventing future outbreaks necessitates early detection, strict biosecurity measures, and concerted global efforts to develop antiviral therapies and vaccines. This review comprehensively examines NiV's virology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, and the latest advances in therapeutic care, encompassing One Health strategies and preventive measures.