The Impact of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease on Quality of Life Among Obese Individuals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a widespread digestive condition globally, with obesity being a significant risk factor. GERD symptoms, such as heartburn and acid reflux, are caused by abnormal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus. Chronic symptoms can negatively impact quality of life (QoL) and may lead to complications such as esophageal adenocarcinoma. Objectives To assess the prevalence of GERD in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia among obese and non-obese individuals and to examine its impact on QoL. Methodology This observational, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2024. Adults aged 18 years and above from the Eastern Province were recruited using convenience sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed online. A total of 342 participants were included, after exclusions from the initial 438 responses. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results Of the 342 participants, 239 (69.9%) were female and 103 (30.1%) male. GERD was diagnosed in 79 individuals (23.1%). GERD prevalence was significantly associated with age (p = 0.018), marital status (p = 0.005), and occupation (p = 0.021). No significant association was observed with gender, BMI, or smoking status. GERD symptoms included heartburn in 76 participants (22.2%), food reflux in 55 (16.1%), and sleep disturbance in 53 (15.5%). Participants with GERD had significantly lower QoL scores across all domains. The physical and mental health scores were 3.3 ± 1.2 for GERD participants compared to 3.7 ± 1.1 for those without GERD (p = 0.001). Social relationships scores were 3.3 ± 1.2 versus 3.5 ± 1.2 (p = 0.0001), productivity scores were 3.3 ± 1.1 versus 3.4 ± 1.2 (p = 0.001), and environmental aspect scores were 2.8 ± 1.1 versus 3.0 ± 1.2 (p = 0.017). Conclusion GERD is a significant health concern in the Eastern Province, impacting QoL. Although BMI was not significantly associated with GERD in this sample, symptom severity was higher among obese individuals. Increased awareness, early diagnosis, and lifestyle changes, such as weight management, physical activity, and dietary adjustments, are essential to improve QoL and reduce long-term complications such as esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and strictures resulting from GERD.