Utilizing large language models for semantic enrichment of infrastructure condition data: a comparative study of GPT and Llama models

Abstract Relational databases containing construction-related data are widely used in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry to manage diverse datasets, including project management and building-specific information. This study explores the use of large language models (LLMs) to convert construction data from relational databases into formal semantic representations, such as the resource description framework (RDF). Transforming this data into RDF-encoded knowledge graphs enhances interoperability and enables advanced querying capabilities. However, existing methods like R2RML and Direct Mapping face significant challenges, including the need for domain expertise and scalability issues. LLMs, with their advanced natural language processing capabilities, offer a promising solution by automating the conversion process, reducing the reliance on expert knowledge, and semantically enriching data through appropriate ontologies. This paper evaluates the potential of four LLMs (two versions of GPT and Llama) to enhance data enrichment workflows in the construction industry and examines the limitations of applying these models to large-scale datasets.