Prevalence and Ethnic Distribution of Sickle Cell Trait and Sickle Cell Anemia in the Saurashtra Region: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Sickle cell disorders represent a significant public health concern in India, with varying prevalence across different ethnic groups and geographical regions. Understanding regional distribution patterns is crucial for implementing effective screening and management programs. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and distribution patterns of sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia across different ethnic groups in the Saurashtra region, while also establishing comprehensive hematological profiles for both conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,546 individuals from various ethnic backgrounds in the Saurashtra region. Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count and hemoglobin electrophoresis. Demographic data was collected to establish ethnic distribution patterns. Results: The overall prevalence rates were 4.98% (77 cases) for sickle cell trait and 2.07% (32 cases) for sickle cell anemia. Hematological analysis revealed significant differences between trait and anemia patients, with HbS levels of 30.5 ± 25.6% and 73.8 ± 9.31% respectively. Hindu communities showed the highest prevalence in both trait (36.36%) and anemia (28.13%) cases, followed by Adivasi populations (trait: 22.08%, anemia: 15.63%). Significant variations in RBC counts (trait: 5.00 ± 1.19 x 10⁶/μL; anemia: 3.22 ± 1.17 x 10⁶/μL) and hemoglobin levels (trait: 10.6 ± 3.23 g/dL; anemia: 7.33 ± 2.87 g/dL) were observed. Conclusion: The study reveals distinct distribution patterns of sickle cell disorders across ethnic groups in the Saurashtra region, with significant presence in both tribal and non-tribal populations. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive screening programs and suggest potential genetic admixture in the region.