Congenital Talipes Equinovarus: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Therapeutic Outcomes

Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV), commonly known as clubfoot, is a complex congenital deformity of the foot characterized by four key abnormalities: plantar flexion, heel inversion, forefoot adduction, and a high arch. Affecting approximately 1-2 in 1,000 live births, CTEV shows significant geographic and ethnic variations in prevalence, with higher rates in some populations. The condition is predominantly observed in males, and both genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role in its development. CTEV can occur as an isolated deformity or as part of syndromic conditions, complicating management and outcomes. This cross-sectional study conducted in Kolkata, India, focused on 100 CTEV patients, examining associated musculoskeletal anomalies and treatment outcomes. Key maternal factors, such as twin pregnancies and breech presentation, were noted. A positive family history of CTEV was observed in a significant portion of patients, highlighting the genetic component of the condition. Associated anomalies, including Down’s syndrome and arthrogryposis, were prevalent, complicating treatment and prognosis. The Ponseti method, a non-surgical treatment involving serial casting, emerged as the most effective approach, with a high success rate. However, some patients required additional procedures like tenotomy or surgical correction, especially those with syndromic CTEV. Socioeconomic factors influenced parental awareness of CTEV but did not significantly affect treatment outcomes. This study underscores the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in CTEV management. While treatment outcomes are generally favorable, the presence of associated anomalies complicates clinical management, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. Further research into genetic and environmental factors contributing to CTEV is essential to improve long-term patient outcomes.