Integrating human rights principles to strengthen health systems for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response among key populations in Indonesia

People living with HIV (PLHIV) and key populations, including people who use drugs, sex workers, LGBTQ+ communities, and imprisoned individuals, represent groups with heightened vulnerabilities that are significantly magnified during public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These populations are disproportionately exposed to both the direct health impacts of the virus and systemic barriers that limit access to essential health services.1 One of the most critical aspects is access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is vital to suppress viral load and maintain immune system function in PLHIV.2 Equally important are other health services such as harm reduction programs, sexual and reproductive health care, and mental health support, which together ensure the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of these groups.