Comparative analysis of spatial patterns and driving factors of historic districts in the Chinese four ancient capitals

The four ancient capitals of China—Beijing, Nanjing, Xi’an, and Luoyang—are rich in historical and cultural heritage. However, rapid urbanization poses significant challenges to conserving historic districts. This study analyzes their spatial patterns and driving factors across natural, economic, cultural, and ecological dimensions. Using single-factor analysis, hot and cold spot analysis, and optimal parameter probes, findings reveal that 63% of historic districts in Beijing, Nanjing, and Xi’an are concentrated in older urban cores, while peripheral areas exhibit fragmented, dispersed patterns. Luoyang with fewer historic districts, concentrated in specific areas. This study highlights driving factors influencing the spatial distribution of historic districts, historic sites, and cultural blocks. Economic factors predominantly shape spatial patterns, followed by ecological and natural influences, while cultural factors are particularly significant for cultural blocks. This study recommends strengthening regional protection, enhancing peripheral cultural conservation, integrating ecological restoration, and promoting multi-sector collaboration for sustainable historic district preservation.