New patterns and trends of migration: Hybrid-crimes among indonesian migrant workers in Southeast Asia

Indonesian government is responsible for failing to harmonize border law enforcement efforts with migration policy, ignoring the considerations of border security, cyberspace, human rights, and migrant workers welfare. The existing migration policies lacked cohesive integration effectively balancing the humane treatment of migrant employees with the requirement of strict security measures. This study examines the evolving patterns of human trafficking and cybercrime among Indonesian migrant workers in Southeast Asia, particularly in the post-pandemic era. It explores the integration of cybercrime with traditional trafficking methods, revealing new mixed-transnational crimes, such as human trafficking combined with cybercrime, with future possibilities in more complex hybrid forms of criminal activities. The study proposes a balancing policy framework that incorporates human securitization and border cybersecurity, emphasizing the need for Southeast Asias countries to enhance cooperation and adopt advanced security protocols to effectively combat these evolving transnational crimes.