Energy transitions era: geopolitical characteristics and connotations in the Arab Gulf States

• Explores how Gulf states balance geopolitical power with the global energy transition. • Analyzes the unique socio-economic and political conditions affecting GCC energy policies. • Reveals GCC strategies combining fossil fuel persistence with gradual renewable adoption. • Highlights policy implications for climate governance and economic diversification. • Contextualizes Gulf dynamics within global clean energy and geopolitical realignments. The Middle East’s energy landscape is experiencing significant changes due to internal socio-economic issues, shifting global energy demands, and evolving geopolitical circumstances. This study explores the geopolitical trends influencing the energy transitions in the Arab Gulf States. The research examines how these countries navigate the complexities of transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources amidst fluctuating oil prices, geopolitical tensions, and stringent international climate commitments. Using a mixed-methods approach combining policy analysis, qualitative review, and cross-country comparison, the paper analyzes key national plans and regional dynamics across Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain. Research findings revealed that the Gulf Arab States face many challenges, including fluctuating oil prices, geopolitical tensions, and balancing economic stability with environmental sustainability. Additionally, adopting renewable energy brings various social and political advantages and enables the Gulf to meet its regional climate governance obligations. The study highlights strategic approaches such as energy diplomacy, economic diversification under national visions, and emerging investments in green technologies and critical minerals. It further identified the risks associated with insufficient integration into global renewable supply chains. The paper concluded with policy implications for regional sustainability, the balance of geopolitical power, and the imperative for institutional reform. This contribution added to the literature by contextualizing GCC responses within broader international patterns of energy transition and geopolitical realignment.