Deciphering the of growth-mechanical trade-offs in moso bamboo through multi-omics approaches

Understanding the genetic architecture of growth and wood property traits in moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis ) is crucial for developing molecular breeding strategies to enhance biomass yield and mechanical performance. Building upon a foundational genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 427 Phyllostachys edulis genomes, an in-depth analysis of nine key phenotypic traits across 190 Phyllostachys edulis samples was conducted to refine candidate gene selection. Multidimensional phenotypic analyses revealed distinct clustering of growth-related and mechanical property-related traits, suggesting divergent genetic regulatory mechanisms. By focusing on 57 candidate genes associated with multiple phenotypes, functional enrichment was identified in pathways related to metabolic processes, signal transduction, and stress responses, while genes directly involved in cell wall biosynthesis were relatively rare. Comparative genomics across four bamboo species uncovered species-specific gene innovations, particularly in Phyllostachys edulis , with key genes like PH02Gene40097 exhibiting functional divergence. Transcriptomic profiling under various environmental and developmental conditions, combined with K-means clustering, highlighted dynamic gene expression patterns, identifying stress-responsive and developmentally regulated gene clusters. Notably, PH02Gene38836 , a dual-domain transcription factor (bHLH-MYC and R2R3-MYB), emerged as a central regulatory hub, strongly correlated with genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and stress adaptation. Additionally, gene family analyses of GRAS , MYB , NAC , MADS , and bHLH further elucidated conserved and synergistic regulatory networks governing bamboo growth and wood property formation. This integrative approach refines the genetic framework of Phyllostachys edulis , providing valuable targets for molecular breeding programs aimed at enhancing growth performance and mechanical properties. • Multi-omics integration elucidates the genetic architecture underlying growth-mechanical trade-offs in moso bamboo. • PH02Gene38836 functions as a pivotal regulator of cell wall biosynthesis and abiotic stress adaptation. • Reveals distinct genetic pathways governing growth-related and mechanical property-related traits in Phyllostachys edulis. • Key loci identified provide molecular breeding targets for enhanced yield and mechanical strength in bamboo.