Complications of Dental Implantology in the Maxillofacial Region, Treatment and Prevention

Relevance. Dental implantation is an effective method of restoring chewing function and aesthetics in patients with lost teeth, but it is accompanied by the risk of long-term complications. The most common are over-implantitis, bone resorption, mechanical damage and aesthetic defects, which can affect the durability of implants. The main risk factors are insufficient hygiene, implant overload and anatomical features of the patient. Prevention includes careful planning, the right choice of materials and patient follow-up. The study assesses the frequency of complications, their risk factors and the effectiveness of treatment, which allows minimizing risks and increasing the success of treatment. Objective of the research. To identify the main types of long-term complications of dental implantation, their frequency of occurrence, risk factors, and to assess the effectiveness of treatment and prevention methods. Materials and methods. This study is based on the analysis of scientific publications, clinical cases and statistical data on long-term complications after dental implantation. Data from systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical studies published in authoritative sources such as PubMed, Clinical Oral Implants Research, Journal of Clinical Periodontology were used. Risk factors, incidence of complications, effectiveness of treatment strategies and prevention were assessed. Analysis of clinical cases (n = 500), where the incidence of peri-implantitis, bone resorption, mechanical and aesthetic complications was assessed. Retrospective analysis of data from patients undergoing rehabilitation after implantation. Assessment of the effectiveness of treatment methods (antibacterial therapy, surgical correction, bone augmentation, soft tissue plastic surgery). Results of the study and their discussion. It was found that the main long-term complications are: • Peri-implantitis (10–20%), the main risk factors for which are insufficient hygiene (50–60%), implant overload (20–30%) and systemic diseases (10–15%). Prevention includes hygiene control, occlusion and regular monitoring. The effectiveness of antibacterial therapy is 60–70%, surgical treatment with GBR is 80%. • Bone resorption (>2 mm in 5–10% of cases), which is associated with anatomical features (40%), peri-implantitis (30–40%) and overloading (20%). Bone augmentation provides 70–85% of treatment success. • Mechanical complications (implant or abutment fracture in 2–5%), which are most often caused by low-quality materials (30%) or overloading (50%). Correction involves replacing components, using orthopedic solutions. • Aesthetic complications (3–7%) arising from gingival recession or implant exposure. Their prevention includes soft tissue plastic surgery and proper selection of abutments, and treatment includes gingival plastic surgery (effectiveness 75–85%). Conclusions. Long-term complications of implantation occur in 10–15% of patients, but with proper planning, use of high-quality materials and regular monitoring, the risk of their development can be reduced to 5%. Timely diagnosis and effective treatment ensure a high level of success of therapy.