Intermodal and Multimodal Integration in EU Maritime Logistics: Challenges and Strategic Implications

Maritime logistics is the backbone of freight transport in the European Union (EU), carrying the majority of trade and serving as the critical link between global supply chains and inland markets. This paper examines how intermodal and multimodal transport concepts interact with water transport in the EU context. It reviews recent trends in maritime transport performance and port activity (including 2021–2025 statistics on cargo throughput, container volumes, and traffic flows), and analyzes the integration of liner shipping networks with inland transport systems (rail, road, and inland waterways). Key legal, commercial, operational, and technological interrelations are discussed – from EU policies like the Combined Transport Directive and digitalization initiatives, to the commercial strategies of shipping lines and ports. Findings highlight that a seamless intermodal infrastructure, underpinned by clear legal frameworks and advanced technologies, is essential for efficient and sustainable maritime logistics in Europe. The conclusion underscores strategic implications, noting that strengthening multimodal connectivity and collaboration among actors is vital for Europe’s economic resilience and environmental goals.