Review of Cytochemical Behavior and Molecular Mechanism of Rare Earth Ions

Rare earth ions have potential harmful effects on human health, but there is no panoramic overview of their cytochemical behavior and molecular mechanism. This paper examines the transmembrane transport of rare earth ions, the disruption of Ca²⁺ homeostasis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. It reviews the cytochemical behavior and associated molecular signaling pathways of rare earth ions concerning injury, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, inflammatory response, epithelialmesenchymal transition, and epigenetic modifications. The aim is to offer novel insights for health.