Human-centred SME factories: the future of work in SMEs under industry 5.0

Abstract This study examines the transition of SMEs in the manufacturing sector towards Industry 5.0, emphasising a human-centred approach using the human–technology–organisation (HTO) model. It explores how Industry 5.0 integrates the human element into automated processes, requiring SMEs to adapt technologically, socially, and organisationally. The research, based on a literature review and expert interviews from Germany, Slovakia, and South Africa, identifies key challenges and requirements for SME adaptation. These include regional challenges like data privacy in Europe and skills deficits in South Africa. The findings categorise challenges into workforce availability, regulatory changes, institutional cooperation, and technological advancements. The paper highlights the necessity of international collaboration and policy reform to support SMEs in this transition, providing both theoretical insights and practical strategies for navigating Industry 5.0.