Lymphocyte exhaustion in hepatocellular carcinoma: a dynamic evolution across disease stages
Progressive immune exhaustion and dysregulation of lrNK and T cells in HCC reflect the evolution of the immune microenvironment originating in the tumor and leaking into the non-tumoral liver, progressively diminishing the cytotoxic capacity of NK and T cells. CD56+ cell density and immune checkpoint profiles are potential biomarkers for therapeutic response and disease monitoring, underscoring the need for personalized immunotherapy strategies.
Authors
- Marco Sanduzzi‐Zamparelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-3705)
- V. Holguin
- Joana Ferrer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-4209)
- Neus Llarch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3209-0453)
- Josep Corominas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-9469)
- Gemma Iserte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3908-8743)
- Loreto Boix (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-3901)
- Alejandro Forner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9014-4950)
- Montserrat Marı́ (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6116-3247)
- Alba Díaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-7085)
- Albert Morales (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-2269)
- María Reig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-9534)
- Carla Fuster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-854X)
- Carolina Saavedra
- Aida Marsal
Institutions
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (ES)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (ES)
- Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (ES)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Published
- 2025-06-06
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1611365
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.59
Funders
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- European Regional Development Fund
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación