Animal milk identification: Advanced square-core terahertz photonic fiber design

This research presents an exceedingly sensitive Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) biosensor which has a square-shaped core along with novel rectangular and circular cladding. It is specially architected to efficiently identify milk from camel, cow, and buffalo. Simulation of the biosensor and numerical analysis has been done using a Terahertz (THz) band between 1 and 2.8 THz. Numerical analysis provides several optical properties considered to be the performance indices of PCF-based sensors. At 1.8 THz, the suggested PCF biosensor exhibits highest Relative Sensitivity (RS) to identify camel, cow, and buffalo milk are 97.09 %, 97.21 %, and 97.33 %, as sequenced, in addition to the values of numerical aperture, 0.2162, 0.2154 and 0.2148 in the same order at the identical operating point. The other parameters, like Confinement Loss (CL), Total Loss (TL), along Effective Material Loss (EML), are noticeably negligible. These outcomes confirm the effectiveness of postulated biosensor for the purpose of identifying services in dairy industry to discern various milk. The industry may improve its ability to ensure the quality along authenticity of milk by utilizing this biosensor, lowering threat of deceptions. This study helps to enhance the assurance of consuming the right nutrition. As the findings from the study are derived from purely simulation-based analysis, subsequent experimental validation is necessary to verify the practical feasibility and robustness of the proposed sensor design.