Photocatalytic Degradation and Adsorption Crystal Violet Dye Using Capparis Spinosa Plant as Catalysts

Natural products demonstrate high effectiveness as catalysts which aid dye removal in textile factories alongside water purification efforts in various industrial fields. Scientists conducted tests to examine how caper stem powder executes photocatalysis when treating crystal violet dye. The experiments that used crystal violet dye contaminated aqueous solutions ran their course in two different settings: in light conditions with ultraviolet radiation. The research evaluated how different elements affect dye crystal violet removal through adsorption by caper stem powder under light conditions along with unlightened circumstances. A solution containing 100 ppm dye solution needed 0.5 grams of powder during a 30-minute process to achieve the most effective result. The results showed that the removal percentage under light exposure reached 92.02% while the removal without light exposure reached 85.38%. The solution at pH level 11 showed the highest removal efficiency where the qualifying rate became 96.97% but without light exposure the rate was 11.88%. Researchers observed that increasing the dye concentration decreased the removal rate through 0.499% during irradiation and 3.295% without irradiation. The results indicated that the adsorption behavior followed Freundlich-type patterns better than Langmuir-type patterns according to linear equation correlation coefficients. Tests revealed that stem-based adsorption decreased as temperature increased while under irradiation treatment regardless of whether the stem was present or not. Mathematical thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption process was non-spontaneous while both the process and adsorption stopped providing randomness within the system.