Revolutionizing hepatobiliary surgery: Impact of three-dimensional imaging and virtual surgical planning on precision, complications, and patient outcomes

BACKGROUND Hepatobiliary surgery is complex and requires a thorough understanding of the liver’s anatomy, biliary system, and vasculature. Traditional imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although helpful, fail to provide three-dimensional (3D) relationships of these structures, which are critical for planning and executing complicated surgeries. AIM To explore the use of 3D imaging and virtual surgical planning (VSP) technologies to improve surgical accuracy, reduce complications, and enhance patient recovery in hepatobiliary surgeries. METHODS A comprehensive review of studies published between 2017 and 2024 was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Studies selected focused on 3D imaging and VSP applications in hepatobiliary surgery, assessing surgical precision, complications, and patient outcomes. Thirty studies, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case reports, were included in the final analysis. RESULTS Various 3D imaging modalities, including multidetector CT, MRI, and 3D rotational angiography, provide high-resolution views of the liver’s vascular and biliary anatomy. VSP allows surgeons to simulate complex surgeries, improving preoperative planning and reducing complications like bleeding and bile leaks. Several studies have demonstrated improved surgical precision, reduced complications, and faster recovery times when 3D imaging and VSP were used in complex surgeries. CONCLUSION 3D imaging and VSP technologies significantly enhance the accuracy and outcomes of hepatobiliary surgeries by providing individualized preoperative planning. While promising, further research, particularly randomized controlled trials, is needed to standardize protocols and evaluate long-term efficacy.