Breaking new ground: the role of molecular methods in detection of bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common disturbances of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age and is associated with an imbalance between lactobacilli and opportunistic microorganisms. Traditional diagnostic approaches based on clinical symptoms and laboratory methods—primarily microscopy or culture—are often insufficient in terms of sensitivity and specificity for detecting this condition, which may lead to diagnostic errors. In recent years, molecular methods, including polymerase chain reaction and metagenomic analysis, have become valuable tools for more accurate diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in obstetric and gynecological practice. These technologies not only enable identification of pathogenic microorganisms but also allow for quantification of their relative abundance, thus significantly improving diagnostic accuracy. This article reviews current molecular approaches for the detection of bacterial vaginosis, their advantages and limitations, and their application in clinical settings. Recent studies are analyzed to illustrate how molecular diagnostics can contribute to more precise diagnosis and individualized treatment approach. The prospects for incorporating these technologies into routine clinical practice are also discussed, with the potential to improve women’s health and reduce the recurrences of bacterial vaginosis. Thus, molecular methods represent a significant breakthrough in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, opening new opportunities for effective therapy and prevention.