Applying adult learning theory to goals of care training for physical medicine and rehabilitation residents

By the end of residency, physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) residents are expected to align patient values with treatments using goals of care (GOC) discussions. Like other procedural skills, GOC communication skills are best learned through simulation training and deliberate practice and feedback rather than lectures. However, educational resources to effectively impart these skills are often lacking. How can educators design effective GOC communication curricula with limited time and resources? This article presents two teaching techniques grounded in adult learning theory that educators can apply to increase teaching effectiveness. Additionally, a 2-hour GOC curriculum for PM&R residents is outlined, its feasibility and acceptability are discussed, and preliminary efficacy data are shared.