Optimal Design of a Fractional Order PIDD2 Controller for an AVR System Using Hybrid Black-Winged Kite Algorithm

This study addresses the optimization of control performance for automatic voltage regulator systems by proposing a fractional-order PIDD2 (FOPIDD2) controller design method based on the hybrid Black-winged Kite Algorithm (BWOA). To overcome the challenges of complex parameter tuning and adaptability to high-dimensional nonlinear optimization in PID controllers, the BWOA integrates the precise search mechanism of the Black-winged Kite Algorithm (BKA) with the spiral encircling strategy of the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). By dividing high-fitness individuals into subgroups for parallel optimization, combined with an elitism preservation mechanism and Levy flight perturbation, the BWOA effectively balances global exploration and local exploitation capabilities, preventing premature convergence. Furthermore, a multi-factor objective function is adopted to optimize the six parameters of the FOPIDD2 controller. Numerical simulations in MATLAB evaluate the controller’s performance across multiple dimensions, including transient response, frequency-domain stability, trajectory tracking, parameter uncertainty, and disturbance rejection, with comparisons to other recent controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that the BWOA-FOPIDD2 controller achieves superior performance in most metrics. Therefore, the proposed method provides an efficient hybrid optimization framework for AVR system controller design.