Inhibitory Mechanisms of Vine Tea Extract and Dihydromyricetin Against Escherichia coli: A Multidimensional Analysis from Cell Membrane to Protein Synthesis

Microbial contamination is the leading cause of foodborne diseases and spoilage in food and personal care products. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated that vine tea extract (VTE) and dihydromyricetin (DMY) inhibit the growth of <i>Escherichia coli</i>. In this study, we further explored the inhibitory mechanisms of VTE and DMY against <i>E. coli</i> through a label-free proteomics approach. The proteomic analysis detected 130 and 81 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in <i>E.coli</i> following VTE and DMY treatment, respectively. The analysis indicated that VTE and DMY inhibit bacterial growth through multiple-target mechanisms. Specifically, they inhibit <i>E. coli</i> growth by disrupting the cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance pathway, amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Additionally, VTE disrupts various secondary metabolic pathways, while DMY interferes with <i>E. coli</i> ribosome assembly and function, and disrupts cell membrane lipid homeostasis by interfering with fatty acid metabolism. RT-qPCR validation confirmed transcriptional alterations in genes encoding key target proteins. Molecular docking results indicated that DMY may affect bacterial protein synthesis, cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance, and transcriptional regulation by binding to target proteins such as RplB, RplV, LpxA, and YafC. In conclusion, this study systematically deciphered the multi-target inhibitory mechanisms of VTE and DMY against <i>E. coli</i>, providing a theoretical basis for developing plant-derived antimicrobial agents.