BIOMATERIALS FOR ORAL REHABILITATION: NARRATIVE REVIEW

Background:Recent progress in dental materials science has resulted in the creation of aesthetically pleasing and durable materials, which enhance the quality and lifespan of prosthetic restorations. In conjunction with these advances, nanotechnology and bioactive coatings are being increasingly employed to enhance osseointegration, minimize microbial colonization, and tackle biomechanical challenges in prosthodontics and implantology. This thorough review aims to compile current research on ceramics, polymers, nanoparticles, and implant biomaterials, concentrating specifically on their mechanical, biological, and surface-modification characteristics. Materials and Methods:The literature was reviewed to assess modern applications of ceramic (e.g., monolithic zirconia), polymeric (such as PMMA and PEEK), and nanomaterials in prosthodontics. Key areas of focus included mechanical performance under stress (analyzed via FEA), adhesive systems, biofilm resistance, cytocompatibility, wear and aging characteristics, as well as the clinical potential of innovative implant surface treatments. Studies on in vitro, in silico, and chemical surface modifications were evaluated, including finite element modeling, artificial aging, and nanoparticle-reinforcement methods. Results:Monolithic ceramics exhibit superior translucency and aesthetic qualities, although stress concentration remains an issue at the margins of restorations. PMMA displays favorable processing properties but has limitations in toughness and biostability, with enhancement approaches involving the use of nanofillers and copolymer systems. PEEK has emerged as a viable metal alternative due to its elasticity and biocompatibility. The incorporation of nanoparticles significantly enhances antimicrobial efficacy and wear resistance. Modifications to the surfaces of titanium implants using nanostructured coatings and protein functionalization may improve the osteoblast response and osseointegration. The guided implant surgical protocol, coupled with the socket-shield technique, may show potential in preserving bone structure and enhancing implant longevity. Conclusion:All materials employed for oral rehabilitation must exhibit satisfactory aesthetic, biomechanical, and biological traits. Innovations in ceramics, polymers, and nanotechnology are transforming the field of prosthodontics and implant dentistry.