Stretchable Grid Liquid-Metal Channels With Predictable Strain-Resistance

Stretchable conductors are crucial for flexible electronics, where the prediction of resistance—both as-fabricated and under strain—is essential for designing circuits. Existing conductors, however, lack this predictive capability. To address this, we developed a novel method for creating conductors with predictable resistance. This design uses liquid metal channel structures, exploiting the principle that resistance increases along the stretch direction and decreases perpendicular to it. By arranging these channels in grid patterns with adjustable length ratios, we gain precise control over resistance and its dynamic response to strain. We present stretchable Joule heating electrodes that deliver strain-insensitive temperature outputs, demonstrating the potential of our method for developing soft electronics with predefined electrical characteristics. This approach enhances both the predictability and functionality of stretchable conductors while filling a gap in soft electronics.