Inclusive autonomous shuttles as public transportation options for older people: A qualitative study of user and service provider perspectives

Barrier-free access to transportation allows older adults, especially those with mobility impairments, to maintain independence and community participation. Electric autonomous shuttles can enhance accessibility and energy efficiency of public transportation used by older riders. Little is known about potential users' and transportation service providers’ perceptions of the factors influencing use of shared autonomous vehicles by older adults, particularly those in regions with extreme weather. In this qualitative study, adults aged 60 years and older and service providers (e.g., administrators, staff) from local mobility organizations involved in supporting transportation services used by older adults participated in focus groups or individual interviews about community mobility and use of public transit, as well as their knowledge, beliefs, and understanding of shared autonomous shuttles. Data collection and analyses were informed using an adapted version of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology-2. Sixteen older adults and nine service providers participated. Findings suggest older adults’ perceptions and potential use of autonomous shuttles can be influenced by tiered and intersecting factors within the following contextual concepts: (1) Rider Characteristics (Micro-level); (2) The Envisioned Autonomous Shuttle (Meso-level); (3) Features of the Local Context (Macro-level); and (4) Societal Discourses (Mega-level). Autonomous shuttles have the potential to be feasibly integrated into current public transportation systems. Such integration should consider vehicle and service design, including policies and implementation, built environment infrastructure, and public awareness of autonomous shuttle function to meet older adult needs. • Autonomous shuttles can serve older people in regions with extreme weather. • Intersecting contextual factors determine older riders' use of public transport. • Users and providers can inform rider characteristics and shuttle and service design. • Self-driving vehicles must be integrated within local public transport systems. • Broad societal discourse on autonomous technologies influences user perspectives.