Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of E-Jeepneys in the Mountainous Terrain of Baguio City

Abstract Globally, the transport sector significantly contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions, creating a growing need for road transport electrification. In the Philippines, the Public Transport Modernization Program (PTMP) and the Electric Vehicle Industry Development Act (EVIDA) mandate the replacement of old jeepneys with Euro-4 engines or e-jeepneys, with pilot projects like the Low-Carbon Urban Transport (LCT) Project in Baguio City leading these efforts. However, the suitability of e-jeepneys for mountainous cities like Baguio presents a unique challenge that necessitates a technical and economic assessment. This study analyzes real-world driving conditions through GPS-based drive cycle data and road load computations. Results indicate that e-jeepneys require a tractive torque of 278.3 Nm to 3,688.3 Nm, a power output of 10.2 kW to 400.5 kW, and a battery capacity of 90 kWh. An advanced regenerative braking system is also necessary to achieve the optimal driving range per route while minimizing downtime and maximizing profitability. Despite energy costs, the economic analysis confirms the financial viability of e-jeepneys due to their strong revenue potential. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers, transport operators, and manufacturers in refining e-jeepney deployment strategies, improving vehicle design, and ensuring the sustainable modernization of public transport in mountainous urban areas.