Comparison of fuel cell electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and internal combustion engine vehicles to contribute to the energy transition in Chile

Abstract This research compares Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) to assess their contribution to the energy transition in Chile. The study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of each vehicle type through the total cost of ownership (TCO) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The methodology involves an analysis of the direct and indirect costs incurred over the vehicle’s lifecycle. This includes the initial purchase cost, fuel and/or energy costs, maintenance and repair expenses, insurance, taxes, and the residual value at the end of the ownership period. These costs are modelled over a defined mileage. The TCO calculation aims to provide a holistic financial perspective, allowing comparisons between vehicle types under consistent economic and operational assumptions. Results show that the minimum TCO is currently achieved with ICEV, followed by BEV and FCEV for trucks and buses, with values of 1.21-1.50, 1.93-1.95, and 2.32-3.0 USD/km for trucks and buses, respectively. By 2050, the TCO for ICEVs is expected to increase by 5.5%-6.2%, while reductions of 44.5-45.5% are projected for BEVs, and 63.8%-64.3% for FCEVs. Results indicate that FCEVs, powered by hydrogen, offer significant advantages in terms of long driving ranges and short refueling times, making them suitable for long-haul and commercial applications. However, challenges related to hydrogen production efficiency, infrastructure development, and high costs per unit of hydrogen remain barriers to widespread adoption. BEVs demonstrate high energy efficiency and zero tailpipe emissions, supported by advances in battery technology and expanding charging infrastructure. They are positioned as the most viable option for urban mobility due to lower operational costs and government incentives. In contrast, ICEVs, while still dominant in the current market, are associated with higher emissions and dependency on fossil fuels, posing challenges to Chile’s sustainability targets. The findings highlight that a diversified approach, combining FCEVs for heavy-duty transport and BEVs for urban areas, could accelerate Chile’s shift towards a sustainable transportation sector. Further research is recommended to explore policy frameworks and investment strategies to address existing infrastructure gaps and enhance the adoption of low-emission vehicle technologies.