[NDUFAF2 gene mutation presenting as primary pulmonary hypertension: a case report].

A male neonate was admitted on postnatal day 1 with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Despite aggressive treatment, the pulmonary hypertension progressively worsened, leading to early right heart failure. Whole-exome sequencing of the family revealed compound heterozygous mutations c.192del and c.192_193del in the <i>NDUFAF2</i> gene, inherited from each parent, meeting the pathogenic variant criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Autopsy showed pulmonary artery dilation and myocardial hypertrophy, with no evidence of alveolar capillary dysplasia on lung tissue electron microscopy. Mutations in the <i>NDUFAF2</i> gene are associated with mitochondrial complex I deficiency. This is the first reported case associating <i>NDUFAF2</i> mutations with neonatal primary pulmonary hypertension, providing new genetic evidence for this condition and highlighting the importance of genetic and pathological studies in severe neonatal diseases.