Exploring the concept and model of leisure literacy in the leisure-centered era based on Sen's capability approach

As a gradual change to a leisure-centered society takes place, Korea has enacted the Framework Act on the Promotion of Leisure of Citizens and implemented various policies to enhance public leisure opportunities. In this era, the leisure gap has emerged as a significant social issue, which must be addressed from the perspective of individuals' leisure capability. However, research in the field of leisure studies has thus far lacked sufficient focus on individual capabilities. It is therefore essential to define the concept of leisure capability and establish scholarly consensus on its components. Based on Sen’s capability approach—which emphasizes individuals’ ability to utilize resources rather than the mere distribution of resources—this study aimed to explore the concept and structure of leisure literacy, as an indicator of individual leisure capability. Through a matrix analysis of prior studies related to the concept of leisure capability, 14 factors constituting leisure literacy were identified. To evaluate the appropriateness of the definition and components, a modified Delphi survey involving 14 experts was conducted. As a result, leisure literacy was defined as “a comprehensive ability encompassing the knowledge and skills necessary for individuals to sustain and expand a meaningful and satisfying leisure life, based on basic awareness and participation in leisure.” Four higher-order factors (leisure understanding, leisure participation, leisure continuation, and leisure expansion) and 12 sub-factors were ultimately derived. Based on these findings, a developmental model of leisure literacy was proposed, consisting of the stages: understanding → participation → continuation → expansion. This study contributes to the integration and advancement of leisure studies by establishing and systematizing the concept of leisure literacy, a key individual capability in a leisure-oriented society. Practically, it provides valuable foundational data for the development of leisure education and policy initiatives.