Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Dusty Hybrid Nanofluid over Vertical Stretching/Shrinking Surface with Slip Conditions

Fluids exhibiting high heat transfer efficiency are vital in contemporary technological applications. Thus, researchers continuously make developments to improve the efficiency of mechanisms, develop effective energy systems, etc. Therefore, a mathematical model incorporating velocity and temperature slip effects has been formulated to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a dusty hybrid nanofluid passing a permeable vertical stretching/ shrinking surface. By introducing the appropriate similarity variables, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Subsequently, the bvp4c solver in MATLAB is then utilized to numerically solve the ODEs. The impact of pertinent parameters such as mixed convection parameters, velocity and thermal slip parameters, stretching and shrinking sheet parameters, suction parameters, nanoparticle volume fraction and mass concentration of dust particles are discussed and illustrated in graphs. As indicated by the outcomes, only the utilization of a relatively small and positive mixed convection parameter value will achieve the desired numerical result which satisfies the boundary condition requirements. The addition of copper nanoparticle volume fraction enhances friction and the rate of heat transfer for the shrinking surface for the first solution but decreases for the stretching surface. Increasing the mass concentration of dust particles also reduces the heat transfer rate. Additionally, it has been observed that dual solutions exist for shrinking surfaces when.