ANATOMICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF TARGET POINTS AND LANDMARKS OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN THE MAXILLOFACIAL REGION:A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Background:The anatomical-anthropological approach to local anesthesia target sites utilizes knowledge of individual anatomical variations in elderly patients to optimize conduction anesthesia efficacy while minimizing complication risks. Aim:The aim of this study is to study the correlation of changes in anatomical and anthropological landmarks with the age of patients, finding constant points for successful anesthesia in dental practice. Materials and Methods: The review is based on a retrospective analysis of articles on the anatomical and anthropological features of the structure of the maxillofacial region of the age group of patients, studied the location of the exit of the infraorbital, greater palatine, mental, and inferior alveolar nerves, taking into account the spatial relationships of bone structures and soft tissues in elderly patients. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Wiley, Springer, eLibrary, Cyberleninka, Journals.lww.com, ResearchGate databases. The search period was from 1953 to 2024 for the following keywords: geriatric dentistry, age-related changes, infraorbital foramen, mandibular foramen, greater palatine foramen, mental foramen, trigeminal nerve, local anesthesia in Russian, English, German. More than 200 articles were reviewed, found 65 papers for the primary review, after a qualitative 38 publications were selected on age-related features inherent in patients of different age groups as the most relevant to the goals and objectives of the review. Review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results:A review of publications has revealed variability in anatomical-topographic parameters and the positioning of major foramina on the facial skull among elderly individuals across different geographic and chronological populations, as well as a close correlation between age-related changes in the maxillofacial region, tooth loss, and sexual dimorphism Conclusion:To successfully achieve targeted anesthesia points and prevent complications during and after injection in elderly patients, it is essential to personalize the process of local conduction anesthesia and conduct preliminary radiographic and digital diagnostic methods.