Assessment of Microbial Profile and Drug Utilization Pattern in Lower Respiratory Tract Infectious Patients

Background: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs), including bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, are significant contributors to global morbidity and mortality, particularly affecting pediatric and geriatric populations. The genetic diversity of pathogens, such as human rhinoviruses and drug-resistant strains like Klebsiella pneumoniae, complicates diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the need for targeted antimicrobial therapy. Understanding regional microbial profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns is crucial for effective management and improving patient outcomes. Aim and Objectives: The study aims to analyze the most common bacterial etiologies and evaluate drug use patterns in LRTI patients. Methodology: A retrospective observational study with the data of 100 LRTI patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital was collected and the prescription analysis was done according to the WHO guidelines for rational use of drugs. Results and Discussion: The study found a higher prevalence of LRTI in males (60%) compared to females (40%), with those over 60 years most affected (29%). Key lifestyle factors included smoking (34%), and alcohol consumption (18%). Bronchiectasis and pneumonia were the most common diagnoses (37% each), with hypertension (29%) and diabetes mellitus (26%) as major comorbidities. The average hospital stay was 1–5 days (58%). Drug utilization revealed an average of 5.1 drugs per prescription, with bronchodilators and antibiotics most frequently prescribed. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen (81.25%), underscoring the need for targeted antibiotic therapy. The study highlights the importance of standardized therapeutic protocols and rational antibiotic use to combat resistance. Further research is recommended to refine treatment protocols and address emerging resistance patterns and comorbidities in LRTI patients. Conclusion: There is a need for developing and implementing standard therapeutic approaches and treatment guidelines for managing LRTIs. Major Findings: The study revealed that Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen in LRTIs, with penicillins and azithromycin being the most prominently used antibiotics alongside bronchodilators. It emphasized the need for standardized therapeutic protocols, rational antibiotic use, and increased adoption of generic drugs to improve patient outcomes and combat resistance.