Clinical Profiles and Demographic Overview of Neonates in a NICU of a Tertiary Care Hospital in West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh

Background: The initial 28 days of life represent a critical period during which infants face heightened risks of illness and mortality. Significant reductions in infant mortality and morbidity have been achieved through advancements in essential neonatal care practices, such as thermoregulation and breastfeeding. It is imperative to enhance the quality of neonatal care to further mitigate unnecessary fatalities. This necessitates a thorough understanding of the determinants influencing neonatal mortality and morbidity, alongside the implementation of evidence-based strategies to address these factors. Methodology: This study analyzes data from a cross-sectional investigation conducted at a tertiary care centre in the West Godavari district of India, focusing on clinical and socio-demographic elements affecting neonatal morbidity. The study involved mothers of 274 infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, with data collected through face-to-face interviews utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Among the 274 neonates, 176 (64.23%) were discharged due to respiratory complications. Low birth weight was identified in 45 (16.42%) of female infants and 72 (26.28%) of male infants. No significant associations were found between the infant’s gender, high-risk pregnancies, and low birth weight. However, a significant relationship was noted between low birth weight and lower socioeconomic status. Conclusion: Factors, including maternal characteristics, healthcare providers, health infrastructure, and neonatal attributes, may contribute to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Notably, the prevalence of socio-demographic risk factors affecting neonates is disproportionately elevated in low- and middle-income countries. A multifaceted approach is essential to effectively tackle the complex causes of low birth weight and morbidity among newborns. Major Findings: This research conducted on neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, revealed a significant correlation between low birth weight and factors such as preterm births, high-risk pregnancies, and lower socio-economic status. The findings indicated that respiratory complications were the predominant reason for NICU admissions, underscoring the essential impact of maternal health and socio-demographic variables on neonatal health outcomes.