Periodontal risk

Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions primarily initiated by microbial biofilms. However, not all individuals with similar plaque accumulation develop periodontitis, indicating the influence of various risk factors. This review aims to summarize the evidence-based general and individual risk factors, indicators, and predictors associated with periodontal disease. General risk factors include microbial pathogens, poor oral hygiene, smoking, and diabetes mellitus. Individual risk factors encompass non-modifiable elements such as genetic predisposition, age, gender, socioeconomic status, and psychological stress. Additionally, conditions like HIV/AIDS, osteoporosis, and irregular dental visits are identified as risk indicators, while clinical findings such as bleeding on probing and history of periodontitis serve as risk predictors. Understanding and evaluating these factors are crucial for preventive strategies, disease management, and improving periodontal prognosis.