Cervical Cancer Screening among Somali Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Health Belief Model

Background: Cervical cancer remains one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in developing countries. Screening can detect cervical cancer at an early stage, and early diagnosis significantly improves the chances of successful treatment; however, uptake remains low in Somalia. We examined the perceptions and beliefs of Somali women regarding cervical cancer screening. This study contributes to the existing literature by identifying key determinants of cervical cancer screening uptake in Somalia. Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Mogadishu and involved a sample of 238 women. Participants’ demographic data, perceptions, and beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening were evaluated using a demographic questionnaire, the Health Belief Model Scale for cervical cancer, and the Pap smear test results. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 21). Results: The mean age of the study participants was 28.94 ± 8.35 years (18–59). Only 14.3% of the women had undergone cervical cancer screening, and 5.5% had received vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) at the time of the study. Most women demonstrated insufficient knowledge of cervical cancer, screening methods, and HPV vaccination. Perceived susceptibility was significantly associated with women who had undergone a Pap smear test within the past 5 years (p < 0.05). Perceived seriousness and barriers were significantly associated with a personal history of cervical cancer. Additionally, perceived seriousness and benefits were significantly associated with having a relative diagnosed with cervical cancer. Perceived susceptibility was significantly associated with having undergone a Pap smear test within the last 5 years (p < 0.05). Additionally, a history of cervical cancer was significantly associated with the uptake of the Pap smear test (odds ratio [OR]: 5.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.266–12.806). Conclusions: Women’s knowledge, health beliefs, and a history of cervical cancer were significant predictors of cervical cancer screening participation. A multifaceted and holistic approach-addressing healthcare system, individual, community, and structural levels—is required to increase cervical cancer screening uptake in Somalia. Considering the high prevalence of cervical cancer in Somalia, this study recommends implementing targeted strategies to increase cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination among women.