Investigating the effectiveness of UV, PAC, UV H ₂ O ₂ and UV Na ₂ S ₂ O ₈ processes in removing malachite green (MG) dye from aquatic environments

Abstract Protecting water resources is vital for our future. Improved treatment methods can ensure safe and sustainable water for generations to come. With growing populations and climate change, efficient water management also boosts economic savings across industries. In this study, a one-factorial approach was employed to determine the optimal conditions for the removal of Malachite Green (MG) dye. Additionally, efforts were made to incorporate various processes to enhance performance after identifying the optimal conditions. The results obtained from the UV/PAC-Fe 3 O 4 /UV H 2 O 2 processes were compared. In this research, analyses related to LC/MS, SEM, EDX, and kinetic plots were also reported to evaluate the performance of the processes. Findings indicated that the use of the nanocomposite and UV treatment achieved the highest efficiency in removing MG dye from aqueous solutions (74 %). Furthermore, the simultaneous application of these two processes can reduce the required time for the treatment. Additionally, results from LC/MS demonstrated that the compounds generated from this process ultimately convert into carbon dioxide and water molecules. The kinetics associated with this process were determined to be pseudo-first-order, with the highest R 2 value (0.9691). Among the various methods evaluated, the final process, UV/PAC-Na 2 S 2 O 8 /UV/H 2 O 2 demonstrated the highest removal efficiency and may be considered a promising approach for application in the textile industry.