Foundations for study of adaptation of children aged 3-6 years in the system of recreative and healthy swimming

The main foundation for study of recreational swimming for children aged 3-6 years are considered, which include: methods, features and structure of training. Research objectives: 1. Studying the theory, practice and characteristics of adaptation of children aged 3-6 years. 2. Determination of adequate forms, principles, organizational measures, means and methods of the content of recreational swimming lessons, aimed at the adaptation of children aged 3-6 years. The foundations for studying the adaptation of children in the system of recreational swimming, which were based on a certain understanding of the concept of "adaptation of children aged 3-6 years", National Standards for the education and development of children from birth to 7 years old, which are structured by 4 areas of development and phenomenality of recreational swimming in the process of adaptation of children. Therefore, the process of adaptation of children is considered at 4 levels (Figure 1): - physical development and health; - physical fitness; - social and emotional development; - ability and attitude to learning. Analysis of the adaptation of children aged 3-6 years for significant characteristics showed that there are systemic features at each level of adaptation of a child from 3 to 6 years old. At "Level 1: Physical development and health", these features are that the growth and weight indicators for boys and girls within the age periods of 3-4 and 5-6 years do not significantly differ, the heart rate values for boys and girls within the age range periods 3-4 and 5-6 years do not reliably differ, data on VC in children 3-4 are practically absent, there is a final differentiation of the bronchopulmonary system and that there is a tendency to various respiratory diseases. At "Level 2: Physical fitness" these features are that starting from 4 years old the possibility of purposeful formation of movements in the process of teaching a child is revealed, from 4 to 6 years old the number of exercises necessary for the formation of a new motor action decreases. At "Level 3: Social and emotional development", these features consist in the fact that there is a growth spurt in the development of memory and visual-figurative thinking, the indicators of the development of the motivational-need sphere at 3-4 years old differ in comparison with the indicators of children 5-6 years old , the characteristics of communication at 3-4 years old are different compared to the characteristics of communication at 5-6 years old and therefore has two forms for 3-6 years, self-awareness and self-esteem is formed in two stages: from 3 to 4 years old and from 5 to 7 years old, the characteristics of the main activity differ in 3-4 years and 5-6 years and are defined as a plot-role-playing game with an external orientation and a plot-role-playing game with a personal orientation. At "Level 4: Ability and attitude to learning", the peculiarity lies in the fact that in order to foster a positive and effective ability and attitude to learning in children of 3-6 years old, it is important in the learning process to determine and reach the zone of proximal development, which are different in 3- 4 years old compared to children aged 5-6.imageFigure 1. The content of the concept "Adaptation of children aged 3-6 years".Taking into account the above-mentioned systemic age characteristics of adaptation, we decided to divide all children who took part in the experiment into 2 age groups: 3-4 years old and 5-6 years old. Further analysis of the available classical and modern information sources for the adequacy of the existing methods and programs in the field of children's physical culture for adaptation, showed that swimming is the most specific requirements for physical development, health and physical fitness. In addition, the analysis revealed that in the system of physical culture there is a pedagogical system for children 3-6 years old, which meets all systemic age characteristics and contains opportunities for optimization of adaptation - this is recreational physical culture or physical recreation.