Motor action control in the process of technical training of skilled long jumpers

Topicality. Control of athletes' motor actions in the process of technical training is closely associated with the activity of sensory systems - a set of auxiliary formations, receptors, nerve pathways and centers, irritation of which leads to the emergence of a specific sensation characteristic of a given sensory modality. Sensory typology is widespread in psychology. The criterion of characterological differences between individuals is the key sensory system or the modality of human perception of information coming from the surrounding world. Three types of people are distinguished: visual learners, auditory learners, and kinesthetic learners. Each person possesses all these types of perception, but some of them play a dominant role in his/her activity. The study topicality is related to the determination of the sensory system dominant type of skilled long jumpers to target their strengths and thus improve the effectiveness of motion control in the process of technical training. The objective of the study is to improve the efficiency of motor action control in the process of technical training on the basis of determining the predominant type of sensory system of skilled long jumpers. Research methods: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, testing (determining the type of the key sensory system); methods of statistical analysis. Results. The study involved 33 skilled long jumpers, representatives of Ukraine and China, among them: three athletes were Masters of Sports, one was a Candidate Master of Sports, 26 were second-class athletes, and two were first-class athletes. It was found that the visual sensory system is the key one in the majority of skilled long jumpers. Thus, 14 athletes have dominant indices of this sensory system most of them are second-class athletes. Indices of the kinesthetic sensory system prevail in 6 athletes. It is just this system that is dominant in elite sports, information about the degree of change in joint angles, skeletal muscle contraction, tendon tension, is necessary for the regulation of motor acts and postures. The indices of the auditory sensory system are predominant in 9 long jumpers. It is important to note that 4 athletes are characterized by the same indices of visual and kinesthetic sensory systems.Conclusions and recommendations. The effectiveness of motor action control in the process of technical training depends on the dominance of indices of a certain sensory system. Among 33 skilled long jumpers, the key sensory system is visual - 43 %, auditory - 27 %, kinesthetic - 18 %. The same indices of manifesting visual and kinesthetic perception of information have 12 % of athletes. Long jumpers with dominant indices of the visual sensory system (43%) should be guided mainly by visual landmarks while performing exercises (e.g., look at a certain object during taking-off, place landmarks on the track to improve the tempo-rhythmic structure of the run-up, accuracy of hitting the take-off board), watch videos, observe the technique of highly skilled athletes, control and analyze on the basis of video recording the technique of long jump attempts or other exercises, draw jump diagrams, etc. The process of technical training of long jumpers with predominant indices of the auditory sensory system (27%) will be more efficient on the basis of the use of the verbal method by the coach, that is, the implementation of feedback through the word, intonation, voice instructions in a concise form. Listening to audio recordings with closed eyes, repeating aloud the coach's instructions, using various sound reference points for mastering the tempo-rhythmic structure of the run-up, sound leader (a device that allows the athlete to control the time of the exercise execution, focusing on the sounds that are given at intervals), musical accompaniment can be useful for these athletes. The dominance of kinesthetic sensory system indices in long jumpers (18%) allows one to focus the process of improving motor actions mainly on the perception of one's own body, the feeling of interaction with the support, the feeling of time and space (e.g., performing long jumps from different run-ups, on a hard and soft track, executing special exercises with a change of pace, or with closed eyes, etc.). For athletes (12 %) with the same indices of visual and kinesthetic sensory systems, focusing on the feeling of their own body, the feeling of interaction with the support during taking-off, the feeling of time, space, and orientation to visual references during exercise performance are advisable.