Transforming Humanitarian Response with IoT in Conflict Zones: Field Insights, Ethical Frameworks, and Deployment Challenges

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions into the delivery of humanitarian aid can be potentially transformative in improving the effectiveness of operations, time management, and the coordination of logistics in conflict-affiliated areas. However, there are some critical challenges, which include poor infrastructure, limited and irregular network coverage, increased cyber security risk, and cultural issues. Despite the fact that most of the existing literature focuses on these issues separately, this thematic review is the first to offer an integrated review of the infrastructural, security, and ethical aspects of IoT implementation simultaneously. In particular, the review reveals new approaches; decentralized IoT architectures, blockchain-secured networks, AI-assisted data analysis, and alternative network architectures. Specifically, it focuses on ethical governance, of addressing technocolonial issues, fair data management, and design for communities. This paper provides original, practical contributions and recommendations for strategic implications that guide researchers, policymakers, and humanitarian practitioners to develop resilient, scalable, and ethically informed IoT deployments. The directions for future research are outlined to develop sustainable IoT practices, comprehensive governance frameworks, and multi-stakeholder collaborations to improve the resilience and ethical appropriateness of humanitarian aid operations.