<scp>HDAMM</scp>: Hierarchical Geographical Data Aggregation Method Using Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks

ABSTRACT In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), nodes typically operate with limited energy supplies, making efficient data gathering essential for prolonging network lifespan. One effective approach to reduce energy consumption is clustering. However, using a fixed sink to collect data can lead to energy depletion in specific nodes, causing bottlenecks. A mobile sink, on the other hand, can address this issue by enhancing network performance and reducing energy load on individual nodes. This paper introduces a hierarchical cluster‐based data aggregation method that employs fuzzy logic alongside a mobile sink to improve energy efficiency. The strategy has two main stages: clustering and data aggregation. In the clustering stage, the process is split into two steps: identifying cluster heads and organizing clusters. A fuzzy inference system assesses each node's potential as a cluster head based on factors such as remaining energy, node connectivity, and centrality. The nodes with the highest scores are selected as primary cluster heads, while those with slightly lower scores serve as backup cluster heads. Clusters are then formed around these chosen heads. In the data aggregation phase, cluster heads gather data from cluster members and forward it either to a mobile sink or directly to the base station (BS). Cluster heads located within a specified range (distance ≤ r ) of the BS send data directly, while others route data via the mobile sink. This technique enhances data transmission efficiency and optimizes energy consumption, contributing to overall network improvement. The HDAMM approach demonstrated considerable advancements over earlier methods in terms of energy efficiency, delay reduction, packet delivery rate, and network longevity.