Clinical Manifestations and Management of Acanthosis Nigricans and Necrobiosis Lipoidica in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired glucose regulation, with Indonesia ranking fourth in the world for the number of cases. Type 2, often associated with insulin resistance, can lead to various skin complications, including Acanthosis Nigricans (AN) and Necrobiosis Lipoidica (NL). AN appears as hyperpigmentation in body fold areas and is often an early indicator of insulin resistance. Meanwhile, NL, characterized by erythematous papules that develop into yellow-brown plaques, is often associated with diabetes complications. This study aims to discuss the clinical manifestations and management of AN and NL, using a literature review approach that includes analysis of articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Sciencedirect . Findings highlight the importance of a deep understanding of these conditions to enable early intervention and appropriate care. With the rising prevalence of diabetes, this knowledge is expected to increase awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public regarding the risks and management of skin complications associated with diabetes.