Neuroprotective Effects of <i>Alhagi maurorum</i> Extract in a Rat Model of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a reversible condition that can progress to dementia if left untreated. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play key roles in its pathophysiology. Objectives: This study investigates the effects of Alhagi maurorum hydroalcoholic extract on memory and cognitive functions in a rat model of MCI induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into six experimental groups: Control, STZ-induced MCI, STZ combined with Alhagi extract at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, and an Alhagi-only group receiving the highest dose (300 mg/kg) to assess extract-specific effects. Behavioral assessments — including the Morris water maze, Y-maze, passive avoidance, and forced swim tests — were conducted to evaluate learning, memory, and depressive-like behavior. Biochemical measurements of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were performed to assess potential toxicity. Results: The results showed that Alhagi extract significantly ameliorated STZ-induced deficits in spatial learning, memory, and working memory. It also reduced anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, as evidenced by improved performance in the elevated plus maze and forced swim test. Biochemical analyses revealed no significant changes in liver and kidney function markers, indicating the safety of the extract under the experimental conditions. Conclusions: In conclusion, A. maurorum extract demonstrates potential as a therapeutic agent for mitigating MCI symptoms. Future studies should explore its molecular targets and evaluate its efficacy in clinical settings.