Integrated Groundwater Quality Assessment for Irrigation in the Ras El-Aioun District: Combining IWQI, GIS, and Machine Learning Approaches

This study focuses on assessing the hydrogeochemical characteristics and irrigation suitability of groundwater in the Ras El Aioun and Merouana districts, using an integrated approach that combines physicochemical analysis, machine learning (ML), and Geographic Information Systems (GISs). Thirty groundwater samples were collected in June 2023 and subjected to extensive analyses, including major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−), pH, TDS, alkalinity, and hardness. Hydrochemical facies analysis revealed that the Ca-HCO3 type was dominant (93.33%), with some samples exceeding FAO limits, particularly for Na+, K+, SO42−, Cl−, Mg2+, and HCO3−. Assessment of groundwater irrigation suitability revealed generally favorable conditions based on three key parameters: all samples (100%) were classified as excellent based on the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR < 10), 70% showed good-to-permissible status by Sodium Percentage (Na% < 60), and 83.3% were within safe limits for Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC < 1.25 meq/L). However, the Permeability Index (PI > 75%) categorized 96.7% of samples as unsuitable for long-term irrigation due to potential soil permeability reduction. Additionally, Total Hardness (TH < 75 mg/L) indicated predominantly soft water characteristics (90% of samples), particularly in the central study area, suggesting possible limitations for certain agricultural applications that require mineral-rich water. GIS-based spatial analysis showed that irrigation suitability was higher in the eastern and western regions than in the central zone. Advanced machine learning algorithms provide superior predictive capability for water quality parameters by effectively modeling complex, non-linear feature interactions that conventional statistical approaches frequently fail to capture. Three ML models—Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)—were used to predict the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI). XGBoost outperformed the others (RMSE = 2.83, R2 = 0.957), followed by RF (RMSE = 3.12, R2 = 0.93) and SVR (RMSE = 3.45, R2 = 0.92). Integrating ML and GIS improved groundwater quality assessment and provided a robust framework for sustainable irrigation management. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing agricultural water use in water-scarce regions.