Engineering-Oriented Layout Optimization and Trade-Off Design of a 12U CubeSat with In-Orbit Validation

The extensive application of CubeSats in fields such as communication, remote sensing, and scientific exploration highlights their significant engineering value. With the growth of CubeSat dimensions towards 12U and beyond, their potential for engineering applications has further expanded. However, strict size constraints significantly limit the layout design space, causing difficulties in satellite system design through multiple iterations. To address these practical issues, this paper proposes an engineering-oriented layout optimization and trade-off design approach tailored specifically for 12U CubeSats, employing a hybrid optimization framework combining GRASP and NSGA-III algorithms. The proposed methodology facilitates initial feasibility analysis, informed trade-off decisions during iterative design, and detailed optimization in later stages, thereby improving design efficiency and practicality. The proposed optimization systematically explores design compromises considering conflicting objectives such as mass properties, thermal management, and spacing constraints. The ASRTU Friendship MicroSat, a 12U CubeSat, serves as a case study, with in-orbit performance validating the proposed approach. Results demonstrate that the optimized layouts effectively address complex engineering constraints, enabling satellite design teams to successfully achieve optimized layout solutions in practical engineering applications.