Design and Modeling of Perovskite-Based Solar Cells and Photodetectors with the Hybrid Heterostructure of SnO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/NiO Thin films

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown high optical absorption and provide high conversion efficiency with stable performance. The use of this perovskite as the active layer of photodetectors shows improved recognition and stability by converting light radiation impulses into electrical signals, thereby finding applications in scientific research, as well as military and civic domains. In this work, we model the SnO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>/CH<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>NH<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>PbI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>/NiO structure using SCAPS-1D software. A comprehensive analysis was performed for important SC parameters such as power conversion efficiency (PCE), fill factor (FF), open circuit voltage (V<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</inf>), short circuit current (J<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sc</inf>), and external quantum efficiency (EQE) by taking into account layer thickness and defect density. The obtained results indicate that by optimizing the device parameters, we have achieved a maximum simulated conversion efficiency of 27.72% with open circuit voltage (V<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</inf>) = 1.27 V, short circuit current (J<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sc</inf>) = 26.01 mA/cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>, fill factor (FF) = 83.4% under AM1.5G illumination. The External Quantum Efficiency can be observed respectively under an illumination of white 400-800.spe.